In this second post of the OSPF Route Optimization series, we take a look at our sample topology network configured with a single OSPF area. We will see that while we have global IP reachability throughout the network, the routing tables are not very efficient, and this design may not scale well. Here is another look at our topology, this time showing that the routers in the entire network are all members of the backbone area, OSPF area 0 (zero).
In the following “show” output, we will take a look at the OSPF related configuration for site1-dist and one of the site1-access switches. Remember that in this topology, we are working with a routed access design, so the virtual routers for the client subnets live on the access-layer switches. Rather than using SVIs at the access layer, for this demonstration, we are leveraging loopback interfaces to simulate client routers (each access-layer switch has three client subnets). By default, the loopback OSPF network type will only advertise a /32 host route, so for this demonstration, the OSPF network type on the loopback interfaces has been changed to “point-to-point”. By doing this, although they are loopback interfaces, the full /24 subnets will be advertised.
site1-dist
site1-dist#show ip route connected
Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, H - NHRP, l - LISP
a - application route
+ - replicated route, % - next hop override, p - overrides from PfR
Gateway of last resort is not set
10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 57 subnets, 3 masks
C 10.1.200.0/30 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/2
C 10.1.200.4/30 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/3
C 10.1.200.8/30 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet1/0
C 10.1.255.255/32 is directly connected, Loopback0
C 10.100.0.0/30 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/1
site1-dist#show ip protocols
Routing Protocol is "ospf 1"
Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Router ID 10.1.255.255
Number of areas in this router is 1. 1 normal 0 stub 0 nssa
Maximum path: 4
Routing for Networks:
Routing on Interfaces Configured Explicitly (Area 0):
Loopback0
GigabitEthernet1/0
GigabitEthernet0/3
GigabitEthernet0/2
GigabitEthernet0/1site1-access-1
site1-access1#show ip route connected
Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, H - NHRP, l - LISP
a - application route
+ - replicated route, % - next hop override, p - overrides from PfR
Gateway of last resort is not set
10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 73 subnets, 3 masks
C 10.1.11.0/24 is directly connected, Loopback11
C 10.1.12.0/24 is directly connected, Loopback12
C 10.1.13.0/24 is directly connected, Loopback13
C 10.1.200.0/30 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/1
C 10.1.255.1/32 is directly connected, Loopback0
site1-access1#show ip protocols
*** IP Routing is NSF aware ***
Routing Protocol is "application"
Sending updates every 0 seconds
Invalid after 0 seconds, hold down 0, flushed after 0
Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Maximum path: 32
Routing for Networks:
Routing Information Sources:
Gateway Distance Last Update
Distance: (default is 4)
Routing Protocol is "ospf 1"
Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Router ID 10.1.255.1
Number of areas in this router is 1. 1 normal 0 stub 0 nssa
Maximum path: 4
Routing for Networks:
Routing on Interfaces Configured Explicitly (Area 0):
Loopback0
Loopback11
Loopback12
Loopback13
GigabitEthernet0/1
site1-access1#show ip route ospf
Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, H - NHRP, l - LISP
a - application route
+ - replicated route, % - next hop override, p - overrides from PfR
Gateway of last resort is not set
10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 73 subnets, 3 masks
O 10.1.21.0/24 [110/21] via 10.1.200.1, 00:07:01, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.1.22.0/24 [110/21] via 10.1.200.1, 00:07:01, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.1.23.0/24 [110/21] via 10.1.200.1, 00:07:01, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.1.31.0/24 [110/21] via 10.1.200.1, 00:07:11, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.1.32.0/30 [110/21] via 10.1.200.1, 00:07:11, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.1.33.0/30 [110/21] via 10.1.200.1, 00:07:11, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.1.200.4/30 [110/20] via 10.1.200.1, 00:07:11, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.1.200.8/30 [110/20] via 10.1.200.1, 00:07:11, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.1.255.2/32 [110/21] via 10.1.200.1, 00:07:01, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.1.255.3/32 [110/21] via 10.1.200.1, 00:07:11, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.1.255.255/32 [110/11] via 10.1.200.1, 00:07:11, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.2.11.0/24 [110/41] via 10.1.200.1, 00:06:37, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.2.12.0/24 [110/41] via 10.1.200.1, 00:06:37, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.2.13.0/24 [110/41] via 10.1.200.1, 00:06:37, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.2.21.0/24 [110/41] via 10.1.200.1, 00:06:27, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.2.22.0/24 [110/41] via 10.1.200.1, 00:06:27, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.2.23.0/24 [110/41] via 10.1.200.1, 00:06:27, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.2.31.0/24 [110/41] via 10.1.200.1, 00:06:37, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.2.32.0/24 [110/41] via 10.1.200.1, 00:06:37, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.2.33.0/24 [110/41] via 10.1.200.1, 00:06:37, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.2.200.0/30 [110/40] via 10.1.200.1, 00:06:37, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.2.200.4/30 [110/40] via 10.1.200.1, 00:06:37, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.2.200.8/30 [110/40] via 10.1.200.1, 00:06:37, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.2.255.1/32 [110/41] via 10.1.200.1, 00:06:37, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.2.255.2/32 [110/41] via 10.1.200.1, 00:06:27, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.2.255.3/32 [110/41] via 10.1.200.1, 00:06:37, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.2.255.255/32 [110/31] via 10.1.200.1, 00:06:37, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.3.11.0/24 [110/41] via 10.1.200.1, 00:06:16, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.3.12.0/24 [110/41] via 10.1.200.1, 00:06:16, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.3.13.0/24 [110/41] via 10.1.200.1, 00:06:16, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.3.21.0/24 [110/41] via 10.1.200.1, 00:06:06, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.3.22.0/24 [110/41] via 10.1.200.1, 00:06:06, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.3.23.0/24 [110/41] via 10.1.200.1, 00:06:06, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.3.31.0/24 [110/41] via 10.1.200.1, 00:06:06, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.3.32.0/24 [110/41] via 10.1.200.1, 00:06:06, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.3.33.0/24 [110/41] via 10.1.200.1, 00:06:06, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.3.200.0/30 [110/40] via 10.1.200.1, 00:06:16, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.3.200.4/30 [110/40] via 10.1.200.1, 00:06:16, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.3.200.8/30 [110/40] via 10.1.200.1, 00:06:16, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.3.255.1/32 [110/41] via 10.1.200.1, 00:06:16, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.3.255.2/32 [110/41] via 10.1.200.1, 00:06:06, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.3.255.3/32 [110/41] via 10.1.200.1, 00:06:06, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.3.255.255/32 [110/31] via 10.1.200.1, 00:06:16, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.4.11.0/24 [110/41] via 10.1.200.1, 00:05:38, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.4.12.0/24 [110/41] via 10.1.200.1, 00:05:38, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.4.13.0/24 [110/41] via 10.1.200.1, 00:05:38, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.4.21.0/24 [110/41] via 10.1.200.1, 00:05:38, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.4.22.0/24 [110/41] via 10.1.200.1, 00:05:38, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.4.23.0/24 [110/41] via 10.1.200.1, 00:05:38, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.4.31.0/24 [110/41] via 10.1.200.1, 00:05:38, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.4.32.0/24 [110/41] via 10.1.200.1, 00:05:38, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.4.33.0/24 [110/41] via 10.1.200.1, 00:05:38, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.4.200.0/30 [110/40] via 10.1.200.1, 00:05:48, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.4.200.4/30 [110/40] via 10.1.200.1, 00:05:48, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.4.200.8/30 [110/40] via 10.1.200.1, 00:05:48, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.4.255.1/32 [110/41] via 10.1.200.1, 00:05:38, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.4.255.2/32 [110/41] via 10.1.200.1, 00:05:38, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.4.255.3/32 [110/41] via 10.1.200.1, 00:05:38, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.4.255.255/32 [110/31] via 10.1.200.1, 00:05:48, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.100.0.0/30 [110/20] via 10.1.200.1, 00:07:11, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.100.0.4/30 [110/30] via 10.1.200.1, 00:07:11, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.100.0.8/30 [110/30] via 10.1.200.1, 00:07:11, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.100.0.12/30 [110/30] via 10.1.200.1, 00:07:11, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 10.100.255.255/32
[110/21] via 10.1.200.1, 00:07:11, GigabitEthernet0/1You can see the large size of the access-switch routing table in the “show ip route ospf” output at the end. OSPF, like other routing protocols will provide you global reachability, but when left to default settings, it can quickly become cumbersome. In the next post, we will bring out the first tool in our OSPF optimization toolbox, which is leveraging multiple areas.
The Art of Network Engineering 